Breast tumours are usually composed of more than one type of cancer. ----. Although scientists know about this phenomenon, it has been difficult to quantify because pathologists use differing diagnostic criteria.
The latter is much easier to diagnose
It is hoped that this will enhance patient care
This is a problem when the cancers do not allrespond to the same treatment
As a result, the stage of the cancer also needs tobe considered
In some centres a single pathologist reviews allpatient samples
A patient with Korsakoff’s syndrome reports that he spent the weekend at the beach, when in fact he was in the hospital. ----. However, he neither notices his amnesia nor questions his own story; concerning his own past he doesn’t know that he doesn’t know.
Similarly, a patient with Anton’s syndrome willdeny his own blindness
Such sincere claims cannot be argued away
Actually, the syndrome is a very rare one
There is no point in trying to contradict such anassertion
His memory is impaired but he has replaced hislost history with a story
An organism must divide its energy between maintenance, repair and reproduction. ----. As a result, organisms face a tough problem: What is the best allocation of finite metabolic energy to maximize reproduction and repair?
As an organism ages, the problems become lessacute
Even a well-fed organism has to cope withenergy limitations
Actually, some organisms do have unlimitedenergy
No creatures are capable of living indefinitely
The reproductive life of an organism may beeven shorter
Broken spirits, not bones, may be the worst result of falling down. Many older people fall, but for some, the experience makes them so afraid of toppling again that their mind impairs their ability to walk without trembling or losing balance. ----.
Similarly, physicians should not assume that every older person who falls has a neurological problem
Thus, they quickly make themselves dependent on canes or wheelchairs
For example, physicians should encourage patients who have fallen to walk again
This woman was misdiagnosed and was prescribed medication for Parkinson’s disease
Physicians are encouraged to ask patients about recent falls
Short-term memory actually stores material that is needed for short time periods, and it serves asa work space for mental computation. ----. That is, information may reside in short-term memory while it is being encoded or transferred into longterm memory.
Some of the best support for these ideas comesfrom experiments on free recall
Another possible function is that short-termmemory may be a way-station to long-term memory
At the time of recall the last few words presentedare still likely to be in short-term memory
However, the special memory for languageseems limited to relatively simple sentences
People have other, more effective ways ofencoding information in long-term memory
Although social and medical interventions have helped people live longer, none of the techniques have affected the aging process. ----. But, there is a change: there are far more 65-year-olds today than there used to be because the past century’s efforts reduced early mortality.
Fewer young people now die of infectiousdiseases as sanitary conditions have improvedgreatly
Improved working conditions have alsocontributed, to a noticeable extent, to anincreased life expectancy
A healthy 65-year-old in 1900 would bephysically indistinguishable from his or hercounterpart in 2000
Attention to diet also plays an important role
This is because people are living longer
Health food stores and popular magazine articles advertise a variety of protein supplements, and people take these supplements for many different reasons. ----. Dieters take them to maintain their bodies’ protein while losing weight. Women take them to strengthen their fingernails.
Athletes take them to build muscle
Protein and amino acid supplements don’t workthese miracles
Athletes do not need protein supplementsbecause muscle work builds muscle
Protein supplements are expensive and lesscompletely digested than protein-rich foods
The “liquid protein” diet, advocated some yearsago for weight loss, caused deaths in many users
The chronic overarousal caused by chronicstressors may contribute to coronary heart disease (CHD). CHD occurs when the blood vessels that supply the heart muscles are narrowed or closed, blocking the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart. ----. When oxygen to the heart is completely blocked, it can cause amyocardial infarction.
This can lead to pain, called angina pectoris, thatradiates across the chest and arm
CHD is a leading cause of death and chronicillness in the US
High family demands, in addition to a stressfuljob, can adversely affect a woman’scardiovascular health
People in high-stress jobs are at increased riskfor CHD
The physiological response that the bodyexperiences in the face of a stressor may have adirect, negative effect on physical health
Opioid analgesics are very effective in controlling pain but have many side effects. ----. In addition, before a long-term use of opioid analgesics can be stopped, the dose must be gradually reduced to minimize the development of withdrawal symptoms.
The sustained-release form provides relief for 8 to 12 hours
AIDS can cause pain as severe and unrelenting as that of cancer
With time a person using them may need higher doses
Moreover, people with severe pain shouldn’tavoid opioids
Several types of analgesics can help alleviatepain
Most researchers believe sleep has some sort of critical maintenance or restorative effect on neural tissue. ----. It has been found that in some birds, therefore, only half the brain rests at once. The other half stays alert, and the eye it controls stays open against potential risk.
The first two or three hours of deep sleep seem to be the most vital for humans
Humans are frequently subjected to situations where they need to decide when and how much to sleep
The list includes pigeons, ducks, domestic chickens and a few other birds
But this unconscious state has a cost: it makes animals vulnerable to predators
No one is sure why animals sleep
